The original DES cipher's key size of 56 bits was generally sufficient when that algorithm was designed, but the availability of increasing computational power made brute-force attacks feasible. Triple DES provides a relatively simple method of increasing the key size of DES to protect against such attacks, without the need to design a completely new block cipher algorithm.
A naive approach to increase strength of a block encryption algorithm with short key length (like DES) would be to use two keys ( K 1 , K 2 ) \displaystyle (K1,K2) instead of one, and encrypt each block twice: E K 2 ( E K 1 ( plaintext ) ) \displaystyle E_K2(E_K1(\textrm plaintext)) . If the original key length is n \displaystyle n bits, one would hope this scheme provides security equivalent to using key 2 n \displaystyle 2n bits long. Unfortunately, this approach is vulnerable to meet-in-the-middle attack: given a known plaintext pair ( x , y ) \displaystyle (x,y) , such that y = E K 2 ( E K 1 ( x ) ) \displaystyle y=E_K2(E_K1(x)) , one can recover the key pair ( K 1 , K 2 ) \displaystyle (K1,K2) in 2 n + 1 \displaystyle 2^n+1 steps, instead of the 2 2 n \displaystyle 2^2n steps one would expect from an ideally secure algorithm with 2 n \displaystyle 2n bits of key.
Astro Pad Mac Crack Attack
In general, Triple DES with three independent keys (keying option 1) has a key length of 168 bits (three 56-bit DES keys), but due to the meet-in-the-middle attack, the effective security it provides is only 112 bits.[15] Keying option 2 reduces the effective key size to 112 bits (because the third key is the same as the first). However, this option is susceptible to certain chosen-plaintext or known-plaintext attacks,[20][21] and thus it is designated by NIST to have only 80 bits of security.[15] This can be considered insecure, and, as consequence Triple DES has been deprecated by NIST in 2017.[22]
The short block size of 64 bits makes 3DES vulnerable to block collision attacks if it is used to encrypt large amounts of data with the same key. The Sweet32 attack shows how this can be exploited in TLS and OpenVPN.[23] Practical Sweet32 attack on 3DES-based cipher-suites in TLS required 2 36.6 \displaystyle 2^36.6 blocks (785 GB) for a full attack, but researchers were lucky to get a collision just after around 2 20 \displaystyle 2^20 blocks, which took only 25 minutes.
They include Vada Vasquez, 15, a Bronx student who miraculously survived being hit in the head with a stray bullet during a revenge attack on the gang by its well-armed rival, the Gorilla Stone Bloods, in 2009.
If you think securing your Wi-Fi network with a strong password is enough to keep hackers away, well, think again. A researcher has detailed a new kind of attack, discovered by accident, which would allow hackers to crack your password with ease, no matter how strong the password.
Hackers can crack Wi-Fi networks right now by waiting for a user to connect to Wi-Fi, wait for the four-way authentication handshake to take place, and capture the resulting information to brute-force the password.
Now you can join the Angry Birds on their biggest adventure ever as they travel to distant planets and far away galaxies to do battle with the evil Imperial piggies of the Empire. Imperial Bird forces have begun fighting back against the evil Piggies of the Empire, but they cannot do it without your help. Travel to iconic locales as you play classic Angry Birds levels with a Star Wars twist. New game mechanics have been added that include the Jedi powers and lightsaber attacks for exciting new challenges. Fight through hundreds of Star Wars themed levels and unlock special R2-D2 and C3PO level. If you get stuck, call in the mighty Falcon to rain destruction down upon your enemies. True Jedis may be able to unlock the ultra-exclusive Path of the Jedi episode featuring 40 new episodes with Jedi Master Yoda.
This article was co-authored by Angel Eyedealism. Angel Eyedealism is an Astrologer and Performance Artist based in the Lower East Side of Manhattan. With nearly three decades of astrology experience, Angel specializes in relocation astrology and astrocartography. Eyedealism has been featured in numerous media outlets such as Vogue, Cosmopolitan, The Atlantic, The Washington Post, Refinery29, NBC, MTV, Showtime, and Bravo. Angel aims to help others through a straightforward, kind, and humorous astrological lens, utilizing her entertainment and singing skills for performance art astrology readings.wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. This article received 17 testimonials and 89% of readers who voted found it helpful, earning it our reader-approved status. This article has been viewed 1,497,466 times.
Brute Force and Ignorance. An expression found in everyday language since the early 1900s, meaning a heavy handed unrefined solution to a problem (especially fixing something - like bashing an electrical appliance to get it working again). In more recent times BFI (and variant BFMI - Brute Force and Massive Ignorance) is aptly applied also to certain areas of design (for example software or computing systems) in which previous proven effective methods are ignored, resulting in a new but clumsy and unsuccessful outcome. Similar application of the BFI expression can be made to strategic thinking - notably in politics and business - where arrogant leaders, driven by subjective idealism, religious justification, ego, personal gain, etc., wilfully force through disastrous campaigns or changes, rather than using the lessons of history and real intelligence to help formulate proper sensible ideas. (Thanks E Key)
Bitch, Moan and Whine/Whinge. Behaviour that can be exhibited by a group when stressed, demotivated or unhappy with their situation. Also a common subject area in meetings where the purpose and facilitation perhaps requires a more a positive focus or perspective. (Ack Denise) If you are a manager or team leader and ever find yourself having to handle a BMW session, give the group encouragement, responsibility and suitable freedom to identify and pursue constructive response, change and improvement. Focus on positive response rather than blame. Here are a couple of helpful quotes in this connection: "You have a choice whether to be part of the steam roller or part of the road.." (unknown) and"If you're not part of the solution you must be part of the problem.." (the commonly paraphrased version of the original quote: "What we're saying today is that you're either part of the solution, or you're part of the problem.." by Eldridge Cleaver 1935-98, founder member and information minister of the Black Panthers, American political activist group, in a speech in 1968). More relevant motivational quotes are on the quotes page. BMW is also interpreted in some police circles (ack P&J) as Break My Windows, being a reflection of the car make's tendency to attract envious attack, either through envy or because the mark is a favourite among gangsters who attract aggressive attentions. Additionally (ack Ed P) BMW is interpreted to form other ironic meanings such as the somewhat offensive Built by Migrant Workers; the irresitibly smile-inducing Big-up My Willy, and probably funniest of all to the folk who particularly resent the car brand and what they think it stands for: Bought Mainly by Wankers. There are some other automotive-related interpretations of BMW in the automotive aconyms list, interestingly including (ack G Boyle) Bersten Mal Wieder, which is apparently used by German folk, and means 'Bust Again'.
Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart. You will probably have used a captcha without realising that it has this strange name, or that it has a name at all. A captcha is the distorted code you copy and type into a website form. The code is unique and random and distorted so that computers (hopefully) cannot read and re-use it, which guards websites against mischievous or criminal automated attack. However, the speedy development of malevolent technology used by hackers and computer criminals (you could call it 'captcha catchup'..) means that the captcha designers must stay ahead of the bad guys, to keep captcha systems impregnable to automated computer violation. Incidentally when a captcha system is breached it enables what is known as a 'denial of service attack' (DoS attack), whereby a website or multi-user computer system is brought down by computer-automated enormous and unmanageable volumes of requests or actions, occasionally for the purposes of blackmailing the site operators, but often for reasons unrelated to monetary gain. The captcha is not the only angle of DoS attack, but the captcha does represent perhaps the earliest strategic battleground in the struggle to protect the web. Captcha is one of the most interesting and convoluted acronyms ever devised, seemingly by Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas Hopper and John Langford in 2000. The acronym reflects its technical meaning and origins, and also reflects its purpose, which while primarily acting as a security device, also enables the 'capture' of data. The Turing test element refers to the exceptional English mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing and his theory and test work, first published in 1950, dealing with artificial intelligence and comparisons between human and computer 'thinking' capabilities. Alan Turing (1912-54) was a fascinating character in his own right - regarded as a founder of computer science, he was part of the famous and pivotal codebreaking team at Bletchley Park in the Second World War, and subsequently went on to pioneer the development of early computers and artificial intelligence. Shamefully his country later saw fit to prosecute and convict him for being a homosexual, following which he committed suicide in 1954, aged forty-one. Today Britain is very keen to patronise and impose our holier than thou ideas on the developing world. As with any situation where one seeks influence and change, perhaps a little more humility and awareness of our own past (and ongoing) failings would be more constructive. 2ff7e9595c
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